Objective To determine the antibacterial activity of propolis from Henan province against Bacillus anthracis. Methods The agar diffusion method was used to test for antibacterial activity. Antibacterial effects were measured after exposure to seven formulations of 31% propolis at pH ranging from 5.5-8.5 （5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5）. Additionally, ten dilutions of propolis from 31% to 0.06%（1∶512）, including a 0 control, at pH 5.5 and a dose of 7 μl were examined in triplicate. Results The diameters (mm) of the zones of inhibition in each pH group, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0 and 8.5, were as follows: 19.16±0.29, 17.67±0.29, 14.67±0.58, 13.67±0.29, 14.00±0.00, 13.33±1.15 and 12.00±0.00 mm, respectively. The diameters in each concentration group, 15.50%, 7.75%, 3.88%, 1.94%, 0.97%, 0.48%, 0.24%, 0.12% and 0.06%, and the control group were: 19.50±1.80, 19.67±1.04, 17.75±0.35, 15.67±0.58, 14.00±2.29, 13.17±1.04, 11.83±1.53, 10.83±1.26, 9.00±0.00 and 0.00±0.00 mm, respectively. Conclusion Propolis from Henan province had antibacterial activity against B. anthracis, which declined with increasing pH or decreasing concentration.

【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the effect of high temperature on antibacterial activity of antibacterial substances induced in the larvae of house fly by pricking. Methods The induced hemolymph was bathed at 100 ℃ for 10 sec, 30 sec, 1 min, 3 min,  5 min,  80 ℃ and  60 ℃  for  30 sec, 1 min, 3 min, 5 min, 10 min, then solved in the buffer solution of Na2HPO4?KH2PO4(1/15 mol/L，pH 6.5) and centrifuged, the supernatant was used to test the bacteriostasic efficiency to Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Results Diameter of antibacterial ring against M.lysodeikticus decreased along with the increase of bath time at both 100 ℃ and 80 ℃. No antibacterial ring against S.aureus was found after bathed at 100 ℃ for 1 min or 80 ℃ for 3 min. Diameters of antibacterial ring were similar after bathed at 60 ℃ for different time against both M.lysodeikticus and S.aureus. Conclusion It suggested that the antibacterial activity of antibacterial substance induced by pricking in the house fly was stable against high temperature in a certain extent. Antibacterial activity weakened along with the increase of bath time at 100 ℃ and 80 ℃, and no obvious change after bathed at 60 ℃ for 10 s-10 min.

Objective To induce and preliminarily isolate antibacterial peptide from Lucilia sericata by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Methods After the 3 ^rd instar larva of L.sericata being induced for 48 h by pricking the hemolymph was collected and tested against Micrococcus lysodeikticus at different doses and different pH conditions. The bacteriostatic effects were observed and the diameters of clear inhibitory ring were recorded respectively. After being bathed at 100 ℃ and 80 ℃ for 30 s, 1 min, 3 min and 5 min respectively, each hemolymph was centrifugated at 10 000 r/min for 10 min to get rid of unwanted proteins, the supernatant was tested against M.lysodeikticus and displayed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results The antibacterial ring diameter of induced hemolymph increased along with the increasing of dose, and decreased along with the increasing of pH. The hemolymph didn’t possess antibacterial activity against M.lysodeikticus after being bathed at 100 ℃ for 3 min and 5 min, but possessed antibacterial activity after other treatments. It was also found that the two samples which were bathed at 100 ℃ for 3 min and 5 min were lack of two special bands compared with other treatments. Conclusion It implies that the induced antibacterial substance in the blowfly should possessed stronger antibacterial activity in acid condition. Bathing at 80 ℃ for 1 to 3 min and then centrifuging can get rid of unwanted proteins in a large extent. Maybe the two special bands are the components of the antibacterial peptides induced in the blowfly.

Objective To investigate the kinetics of the inducible antibacterial activity of the hemolymph in larvae of the housefly.Methods The third instar larvae were induced by pricking,living rates of the pricked larvae were recorded at different times after treatment,and hemolymphs collected at 0,24,48,72 hours were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus lysodeikticus respectively.The diameters of clear inhibitory ring were observed and recorded to express antibacterial activity.Results The living rates of the larvae declined gradually.The antibacterial activity peak appeared across 48 hours after treatment.Conclusion It implies that the antibacterial substance was induced in the housefly after being pricked.The immunized hemolymph should be collected at 48 hour after treatment.

Objective To investigate the eggs laying characteristic of the reared population of Lucilia sericata.Methods(During the) ovipositing periods of the sixth to seventh generation,the laid eggs were observed everyday.Results The peaks of the laying eggs were observed twice at the fourth and eleventh day in the sixth generation,and at the first and eighth day in the seventh generation.The number of the laid eggs in the later period was relatively small.Conclusion It suggested that the number of the laid eggs from the reared blowfly population was not stable in all the laying period,and in the later laying period,the laying capability was relatively low.

Objective To investigate the effect of low temperature on the egg and pupa of housefly Musca domestica. Methods The eggs of housefly recored for 4 generations in laboratory were collected and treated at2 ℃ for different days,then kept at 26 ℃,after hatched,the hatching rates were caculated and recorded. One day and 3 days pupae were collected and treated at 2 ℃ and 6 ℃ for different days respectively,and then the emergence rates were caculated and recorded. Results The hatching rates of the eggs treated at 2 ℃ for 1,2,3,4,5 days were recorded as follows:(91.52± 7.70 )%,(85.93± 18.99 )%,(48.52± 19.48 )%,0,0 respectively. The emergence rates of the pupae which pupated for 1 day treated at 2 ℃ for 1,2,3,4,5 days were recorded as follows:(75.00± 13.54 )%,(51.25± 13.15 )%,( 30.00± 15.81 )%,(6.25± 6.29 )%,(6.25± 4.79 )% respectively; and the emergence rates treated at 6 ℃ were: (88.75± 4.79 )%,(66.25± 10.31 )%,(40.00± 12.91 )%,(37.50± 18.48 )%,(12.50± 6.45 )% respectively. In the rest group of the pupae which pupated for 3 days,the emergence rates at 2 ℃ for 1,2,3,4,5 days were: (90.0± 7.07 )%,(78.75± 11.09 )%,(57.50± 9.57 )%,(61.25± 11.09 )%,(32.50± 22.55 )% respectively; at 6 ℃ were:(92.50± 5.00 )%,(90.00± 10.80 )%,(88.75± 2.50 )%,(90.00± 5.77 )%,(66.25± 10.31 )%. Conclusion The results showed that no egg hatched after treated at 2 ℃ for 4 days or more days,Resistance of the egg against low temperature was weak. Resistance of the pupa against low temperature was stronger than of the egg,the emergence rate could be declined with the treating temperature being decreased or with the treating time of low temperature being increased. Resistance of the old pupa against low temperature was stronger than of the young one.